Cinematography | Lighting for Film

Three Point Lighting

Jenis lampu berdasarkan perbedaan fungsi:

1. Key Light: cahaya utama, pembentuk bayangan, intensitas cahaya paling tinggi, posisinya 45 dari axis horizontal dan vertical kamera terhadap objek, secara horizontal bisa diletakkan di sudut lain (0-9) dari aksis horizontal kamera, di set paling awal dan harus dijaga continuity-nya (quality of light, direction, intensity, color, texture) sepanjang scene. Zone System: ukur/arahkan light meter ke key light.

2. Fill Light: sumber cahaya kedua, mengurangi intensitas bayangan  yang dihasilkan oleh key, diletakkan di sudut horizontal yang berseberangan dengan key, fill bisa menjadi key bagi subjek lain.

3. Back Light: memisahkan objek dengan background (separation light), menampilkan outline/hairline objek (rim light), diletakkan di seberang kamera. Key dan back light bisa jadi satu. Trik supaya back light tidak bocor: digantung/dari atas.

(Sumber: frameforest.com)

4. Background Light: cahaya yang menerangi background.

  • Back light & key light bisa di mix dengan background light.
  • Back, key, dan fill diatur/dikalkulasi berdasarkan diafragma.

5. Side light: ketika key light berada di samping subjek (90).

6. Kicker Light: back light yang diarahkan ke leher/tulang pipi.

7. Back Cross-Key.

Manipulasi Cahaya

Contrast Ratio: perbandingan antara intensitas cahaya key + fill : fill.

1:1   |  0 stop

2:1   |  1 stop

4:1   |  2 stop

9:1   |  3 stop

16:1 |  4 stop

  • Trik mengurangi fill: pan out.
  • LED -> mempunyai dimmer, atau bisa diberikan diffuser (menyebarkan bukan memotong/mengurangi intensitas), filter ND.
(Sumber: megakamera.com)
  • Teknologi Cutter Light (Flag) : memotong cahaya / reshape -> light sculpting = sesuai yang diinginkan dengan membentuk shadow.
(Sumber: nofilmschool.com)
  • Reflektor: Anti fill/negative fill & fill.
(Sumber: iframerental.com)

Filter ND: berfungsi untuk memanipulasi eksposur dan color shift (tergantung merk).

  • Tiffen (brownish).
  • Formatt (greenish).
  • Schneider.
  • B&W.
  • Arri.
       (Sumber: Matt Granger)

ND Gradual:

  • Soft edge (SE).
  • Hard edge (HE).
(Sumber: digital-photography-school.com)

    ND 3     |   -1 stop

    ND 6     |   -2 stop

    ND 9     |   -3 stop

    ND 12   |   - 4 stop

    ND 15   |   - 5 stop

    ND 18   |   - 6 stop

    ND 21   |   - 7 stop

    ND 24   |   - 8 stop

Pendekatan Lighting

1. Motivated/Naturalistic Lighting: set up artificial lighting dibuat senatural mungkin, sesuai logika natural lighting di lokasi, kalo ga logis, dikasih practical light supaya logis

*Namun, DP tetap perlu memanipulasi:

  • Intensitas
  • Arah
  • Color temp
  • Logika sumber cahaya (onscreen/practical atau off-screen/sugesti).

Logika motivated lighting berdasarkan logika di lokasi:

  • Arah
  • Intensitas
  • Temperatur
  • Sumber

(Sumber: neiloseman.com)

2. Practical Lighting/Stylistic

Beberapa naskah film pendekatan lighting nya perlu stylish atau didramatisasi, maka beban visual tidak bertumpu ke logika tapi ke estetika (indah ≠ wajar).

Rumus Dalam Menentukan Konsep Lighting:

a. Key light dari arah mana?

b. Apa logika key light?

Practical Lighting: sumber cahaya yang teridentifikasi di dalam frame, tidak out frame dan mempunyai logika sumber cahaya.

Sumber Cahaya:

  • Artificial: proses elektronis -> untuk menambah intensitas/menggantikan natural lighting
  • Natural: dari alam
  • Ambience light: menyebar, natural, tidak menghasilkan bayangan
  • Space light: lampu yang diterbangkan (contoh: bulan)

Peralatan Lampu

(Sumber: kinoflo.com)

Kino Flo

  • Pin.
  • Barn door.
  • Ballhead untuk mounting (lollipop) / mounting plate.
  • Mounting lock.
  • Louvre/screens.
  • Bohlam/fixtures.
  • Connector/pin connector/fixture harnest.

(Sumber: rule.com)

C-Stand

  • Gobo head.
  • Gobo arm.
  • Sandbag.
  • Leg/c-stand leg/turtle leg.

(Sumber: lightingrumours.com)

Redhead

  • Protective screen/net.
  • Fixtures.
  • Barn door.
  • Knob untuk spot/float.
  • Tilt lock.
  • Light switch/sakelar on-off.

White Balance/Temperatur Cahaya

>> Tungsten: 3200K

>> Daylight: 5600K

  • 1000 - 2000K: Candle light
  • 2500 – 3500K: Tungsten bulb
  • 3000 – 4000K: Sunrise
  • 4000 – 5000K: Fluorescent
  • 5000 – 5500K: Electronic flash
  • 5000 – 6500K: Daylight with clear sky.
  • 6500 – 8000K: Moderate / overcast
  • 9000 – 10000K: Shade.

(Sumber: gudangkamera.net)

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